Much of historical and contemporary music education research is influenced by a Cartesian ontology of opposition.This reinforces the classic function of music and music education: the exercise of poss

Illustration of a woman's profile highlighting the brain's response to music, with colorful musical notes and audio waves depicting cognitive and emotional engagement. A symphony orchestra may contain more than eighty musicians performing simultaneously. Yet when we listen, we do not perceive a chaotic mixture of sounds. We effortlessly distinguish melody from accompaniment, recognize the sound of a violin among dozens of instruments and even follow a single singer within a c

The ability to read and perform from notation is a fundamental skill in music performance. While for many musicians, staff notation is both transparent and flexible, a medium that can be used fluently